Simple dental extraction is a common procedure used to remove teeth that are visible and easily accessible in the mouth. This procedure is often performed by general dentists in their practices using local anesthesia to numb the area and minimize any discomfort for the patient. The process involves the use of specific dental instruments, such as an elevator and dental forceps. The elevator is utilized to loosen the tooth, while the forceps are employed to grasp and extract the tooth. The dentist carefully applies controlled pressure to move the tooth back and forth, gradually breaking the periodontal ligament that holds the tooth in place within the alveolar bone. Once loosened, the tooth is removed from its socket.
In contrast, surgical dental extraction is a more complex procedure reserved for teeth that are not easily accessible or have not fully erupted through the gum, or are broken beneath the gum line. In such cases, the dentist or oral surgeon must make an incision into the gum tissue to access the tooth. Sometimes, it may be necessary to remove a portion of the surrounding jawbone using specialized tools like a drill or osteotome to facilitate the extraction. In many instances, the tooth must be broken into smaller pieces before it can be removed completely. Due to the complexity and potential for significant discomfort, surgical dental extractions are typically performed under general anesthesia by an oral surgeon in a hospital or specialized dental setting. However, in some cases, a general dentist may also carry out the procedure if the situation allows.
When comparing simple and surgical dental extractions, both procedures aim to reduce the risk of complications such as infection, pain, and inflammation. However, surgical extractions are generally associated with a higher risk of complications due to the invasive nature of the procedure. Some potential complications include osteitis, commonly known as dry socket, which occurs when the blood clot that forms after the extraction is prematurely dislodged. Additionally, patients on certain medications may experience delayed healing, making it crucial to pause these medications before undergoing a dental extraction to minimize risks. There is also a risk of osteoradionecrosis, or secondary bone death, particularly in patients with a history of radiation treatment to the head and neck area.
Both types of extractions can lead to changes in the alignment of the remaining teeth, which may alter the bite and cause issues with chewing. This can result in the loss of the vertical dimension of occlusion, or the collapse of the bite, leading to muscle changes and other complications such as dry lips.
Simple extractions are generally preferred whenever feasible, as they are less invasive, easier to perform, and associated with fewer adverse effects. However, the choice between simple and surgical extraction is typically determined by the accessibility of the tooth in question. If a tooth is visible and easily accessible, a simple extraction is the go-to option. However, for teeth that are not visible or are difficult to reach, surgical extraction is necessary to ensure proper removal.